What is RHNA? Housing Southern
California and RHNA Guidebook Source: Southern California
Association of Governments (SCAG) http://api.ucla.edu/rhna/RegionalHousingNeeds Assessment/WhatisRHNA/main.htm Content:
Discusses and defines what the Regional Housing Needs Assessment (RHNA) is and
its role as it relates to growth issues and housing need. The purpose of a RHNA
is to quantify the need for housing within each jurisdiction, whereby the
communities then plan for and decide how they will address this need through
the process of completing the Housing Element for their respective General
Plans. As mandated by state law the RHNA is completed by each region and
consists of existing housing need and future housing need. This resource is a
good example and provides a general understanding of the regional housing
allocation process. The RHNA Guidebook discusses the process (to date) for the
completion of a regional housing needs plan for the Southern California
Association of Governments (SCAG) region. It is meant as a tool to aid local
officials and planners who will assist in the preparation and completion of the
RHNA.
Summary of Housing Element Law
Source: Parsons; Jeff Goldman (916)
483-0483 Content: Discusses the specific government law and code
sections for the proper completion of housing elements. This document includes
the requirements of Housing Element Contents (a), (b), and (c) (Section 65583),
Alternative Methods for Identifying Adequate Sites (Section 65583.1), and the
Review of Housing Element (Section 65588).
2000 Housing Related Legislation Source:http://www.hcd.ca.gov/leg/2000ChapteredBills.html Content:
This website provides a list of the chaptered bills that were of interest to
the Department of Housing and Community Development during the 2000 legislative
year. Bills included are in the areas of building standards, fair housing,
farmworker housing, homeless, housing finance, housing elements, redevelopment,
senior housing, smart growth, tax credits, and mobile home residency law. Each
chaptered bill is documented by name, effective date, and a brief summary of
the legislation.
Local Housing Element Assistance Project
(LHEAP) Handbook; Blueprint for Bay Area Housing Source: http://www.abag.ca.gov/ Content:
This handbook covers all the steps for the reviewing, preparing, revising, and
evaluation of a housing element. It was written specifically to address local
citizens, planners, housing professionals, city and county officials, and
anyone else who has an interest in the local housing needs and problems of the
Bay Area. Policy and program suggestions are made throughout.
Redevelopment Housing Activities in
California – Uses of Housing Funds; Agency Programs and Projects
Source: Department of Housing and Community Development
(HCD) – Division of Housing Policy Development
http://housing.hcd.ca.gov/hpd/ Content: Agencies were asked to
“briefly describe one outstanding project, cooperative or partnership
financing or development arrangement, or other innovative practice or program
used to increase or improve the affordable housing stock” during the 96-97
fiscal year – the responses are included within this document. Each
program or project is summarized by a description, the agencies role, and a
brief history.
Designing Programs That Work –
Housing Elements Source: Association of Bay Area
Governments http://www.abag.ca.gov/home.html Content:
This document briefly discusses how local policies and programs, in relation to
housing element revisions, can be successful in allowing and encouraging
community action.
Redevelopment Information Sources
Source: http://www.sen.ca.gov/locgov/redevelopmentis.htm Content:
This website provides a bibliography of housing redevelopment resources
including; reviews, studies, programs and organization that deal with
affordable housing issues. It is a good general guide for current literature on
housing and redevelopment.
Sacramento Housing and Redevelopment
Agency Source: http://www.shra.org/ Content: This
website describes SHRA’s role in the City and County of Sacramento in
providing for redevelopment of blighted neighborhoods, access to housing for
low-income residents, and creating opportunities for employment and self
sufficiency. Links on their homepage to “housing assistance
programs,” and “community development” are useful in providing
information about housing programs and related issues.
Development Standards Case
Studies Source: Association of Bay Area Governments
http://www.abag.ca.gov/home.html Content:
This is a reference document that describes specific programs for affordable
housing projects that have occurred in the past. It provides a description of
the project, the agency involved, and a contact person. Programs include:
multi-generational developments serving very-low income families, technical
assistance for providing affordable housing, and redevelopment projects.
Farmworker Housing Grant Application
Process Source:
http://www.hcd.ca.gov/ca/fwhg/fwhgApplicationProcess2000.html Content:
The Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD), under the authority
of the Health and Safety Code, established the Farmworker Housing Grant Program
(“FWHG” Program) in order to provide grant monies for their
construction or rehabilitation of housing for agricultural employees and their
families. This website explains the program’s objectives, activities, and
eligibility criteria for the submittal of a farmworker grant application
package. It also provides recommendations on the application process and review
requirements. Additionally, this site is useful in describing farmworker
housing needs as a special needs group within the Housing Element.
Housing Rehabilitation Source: Community Development Block Grant Program: Grant Management
Manual – 9/2000; Chapter 16 Content: The rehabilitation of
housing is the most frequently funded activity in the California Community
Development Block Grant Program (“CDBG” Program). This document
includes necessary information and sample documents for persons who would like
to implement a housing rehabilitation program. Topics include: program
guidelines, project documentation, qualifications for the CDBG program, and
references on where to go for additional assistance. Additionally, this
document is an excellent resource in providing general transferable concepts
and information across jurisdictional issues.
Rehabilitation Source: Association of Bay Area Governments
http://www.abag.ca.gov/home.html Content:
This document discusses the option of rehabilitation when providing affordable
housing. It provides information about how to get started, funding sources,
benefits, and keys to a successful program. Communities with a large older
housing stock are recommended to look into rehabilitation as a cost-effective
way to provide affordable housing.
HCD Loans and Grants – May 18,
2001 Source:
http://www.hcd.ca.gov/ca/ Content: This website provides a table
of the Funds Available Calendar of current Notice of Funding Availability for
HCD’s loan and grant programs. It includes due dates for applications,
award dates, and other related information. Other links are also available on
this site to similar programs, including HCD’s Loan and Grant Program
Directory.
Clearinghouse for Affordable Housing and
Community Development Finance Source:http://www.hcd.ca.gov/clearinghouse Content:
This website is a resource database provided by HCD that catalogs over 200
housing programs, government, private lenders, and foundation grants. Each
program is listed by name and identifies the goals, type of funding, and
application information needed. This database is updated monthly.
Community Development Block Grant
Program – Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1999/00 Source:http://www.hcd.ca.gov/ca/ or Julie
Bornstein, Director/Department of Housing and Community Development
Content: This annual report provides information regarding CDBG
monies, allocation numbers from HCD, and funding activities. Specifically this
document discusses the use of specific allocated funds, includes a summary of
non-housing accomplishments, provides state objectives for awards, and
discusses compliance with civil rights laws and fair housing regulations.
Additionally, this document is a good source in describing what cities are
doing and have done with CDBG monies.
Loan and Grant Program Directory –
Department of Housing and Community Development Source:
http://hcd.ca.gov/ca/loanGrantDir.pdf Content:
This document is a directory of all HCD loan and grant programs that support
the construction, rehabilitation, and preservation of affordable housing, child
care facilities, shelters for the homeless, public infrastructure/facilities,
and jobs for lower income workers. For each program the directory provides a
purpose, assistance type, definition of terms, eligible activities, eligible
applicants, application procedures, and a contact person and/or organization
with phone number. Nine new programs that were enacted in the Fiscal 2000-2001
State Budget or in other bills in the 2000 session of the Legislature are
included. In addition, five other existing HCD programs that are mentioned in
the introduction received significant new funding in the State
Budget.
Community Development Investments –
2000 Directory Source:http://www.federalreserve.gov/dcca/Directory/ Content:
This directory profiles community development corporations in which bank
holding companies and state-chartered banks have invested. Each profile
includes information on the amount of initial capital invested by an
institution, a description of the community development projects and activities
undertaken or planned, and contact person who can provide additional
information.
Building Communities and New Markets for
the New Century (1998 Consolidated Report) Source: U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) @ 1-800-245-2691
Content: This is an informative booklet that one; describes the role
of HUD and how they operate to provide resources directly to local communities,
and two; a description of programs and funding offered to serve low-income
housing needs, economic opportunities to self-sufficiency, homeownership, and
fair housing initiatives. (75 pages)
California Housing Financing Agency
Source: http://www.calhfa.ca.gov Content:
This site provides information on housing financing, income limits, rental
housing programs, homeownership, and special programs. CHFA’s headquarters
are located in Sacramento.
California Reinvestment Committee
Source: http://www.calreinvest.org Content:
This committee is a coalition of agencies that advocate for increased access to
credit for low-income communities.
Mercy Housing System Source: http://www.mercyhousing.org
or call Stanley Keasling, Executive Director at (916) 414-4490 Content: This site provides information about Mercy Housing
and their role in providing, developing, operating, and financing
quality affordable housing. Specifically, Mercy Housing serves low-income
families and special needs groups. This site also provides helpful
links to other related affordable housing sites and funding sources.
California Housing Partnership Corporation Source:http:/www.housingpartnership.net Content: CHPC is a non-profit housing consulting and training
organization. CHPC specializes in the preservation of federally
assisted housing, multi-family financial consulting, asset and property
management for affordable housing, housing policy, and training
and resource material. Links on the website include: at risk data,
preservation information, tax credits, property/asset management,
and financial consulting services.
Rural California Housing Corporation (RCHC) Source: http://www.ruralisc.org Content: The Rural California Housing Corporation seeks to
improve the living conditions of low-income people by providing
and developing affordable housing. RCHC serves all counties inthe
SACOG region: El Dorado, Yuba, Sutter, Sacramento, Placer, and Yuba.
RCHC is also affiliated with Mercy Housing System.
Community Housing Opportunities Corporation Source:http://www.chochousing.org/housing.html Content: CHOC is a non-profit affordable housing organization
that provides housing related services to low-income community members
through contracts with other community-based non-profit organizations
and local governments. CHOC is based in Davis, California and has
serviced West Sacramento, Winters, and Redding with home ownership
programs.
Eden Housing, Inc. Source:http://www.chochousing.org/housing.html Content: Eden Housing, Inc. is based in Hayward, California
and serves low- and moderate- income families, seniors, people living
with physical, developmental disabilities or mental illness, homeless,
and homeowners. Their affordable housing projects include rental
apartments, single-family ownerships, cooperatives, and supportive
living environments. Through this website one can contact Eden Housing
for more information.
Sacramento Mutual Housing Association Source:http://www.mutualhousing.org Content: SMHA works to develop and operate affordable housing
for Sacramento’s low-income communities. Their mutual housing
communities are designed and developed on vacant in-fill lots and
properties that have been targeted for acquisition and rehabilitation.
Rural Community Assistance Corporation (RCAC) – Housing
Program Source: http://www.rcac.org Content: The RCAC Housing Services has three areas of emphasis
to provide affordable housing: farm worker housing, self-help housing
and Community Housing Development Organizations (CHDOs). Additionally,
the housing division has begun working with special projects involving
the combination of housing with businesses, social services, health
care and childcare.
Volunteers of America - Housing Source: http://www.voa.org Content: Volunteers of America is one of the nation’s
largest nonprofit providers of quality, affordable housing for low-
and moderate-income families, people with disabilities and the elderly.
This website can link you to local branches and resources.
El Dorado County Habitat For Humanity Source: http://www.eldoradocountyhabitat.org/ Content: Habitat for Humanity is an international organization
that help fund and build affordable housing in partnership with
low-income families. This website is affiliated with the El Dorado
County branch of HFH, however HFH is in many locations and jurisdictions
which can provide assistance for affordable housing needs.
The Enterprise Foundation and Network Source:http://www.enterprisefoundation.org Content: The Enterprise Foundation is a national non-profit
housing and community development organization working with other
community-based non-profit organizations and public housing authorities
to provide low-income people with affordable housing. Through their
website community-based organizations can search for programs, services,
and funding sources to improve the quality of life for low-income
people in their community.
The National Housing Trust Source:http://www.nhtinc.org/ Content: The National Housing Trust is a non-profit organization
that helps to save multi-family properties at risk of converting
to market rate housing. Their website provides links to information
about public policy, legislation, technical assistance, and the
data clearinghouse, as well as predevelopment loan funds.
Bridge Housing Corporation Source:http://www.Bridgehousing.com Content: This website describes the beginnings of BRIDGE
and their role in the Bay Area and beyond of providing affordable
homes primarily for families earning $18,000 to $35,000 annually.
BRIDGE has expanded into five additional non-profit, public benefit
subsidiaries that help a diverse range of groups with affordable
housing.
The Housing Partnership Network Source: http://www.housingpartnership.net/ Content: This website is the homepage of The Housing Partnership
Network. HPN works to develop and preserve affordable housing, while
providing predevelopment and acquisition loans. Links to single-family
preservation projects and their national policy forum in Washington
are available.
How Much Housing Do We Need?
Source: Association of Bay Area Governments
http://www.abag.ca.gov/home.htmlContent:
This document stresses the importance of the assessment of a community’s
need for housing when conducting a housing element update. Information provided
within this document includes discussions about the need for housing both
locally and regionally, existing housing shortages and related issues, the need
for housing to meet future demands created by population growth, and the need
to create affordable housing.
Using Data Effectively – Housing
Elements Source: Association of Bay Area Governments
http://www.abag.ca.gov/home.html Content:
This document discusses the importance of accurate and relevant data when
revising a housing element. It provides advice and suggestions for data
collection and use. For example some suggestions include; use several sources,
update old data, and take a critical view of housing data and
projections.
Division of Housing Policy Development
(HPD) and The Housing Resource Center Source:http://housing.hcd.ca.gov/hpd/ Content:
Housing Policy Development is a division of HCD and it is their mission to,
“administer, develop, and advocate policies and laws to further housing
and community development.” This website explains the role of HPD and
provides links to technical assistance needs, state housing planning, and state
plans and reports, as well as federal plans and reports. Additionally, the
Housing Resource Center is a part of the Housing Policy Division and provides
the information and communications support necessary for the diverse program
and policy activities.
The State of California’s Housing
Markets 1990-1997 Source:http://www.hcd.ca.gov/hpd/hrc/plan/shp Content:
This document reveals the lack of housing affordability in California as it
relates to problems with the housing supply. This site also discusses the
Statewide Housing Plan (SHP), which describes housing conditions in California
since the 1990 Census. The report includes: demographic and income trends
impacting housing, the issues of lagging housing production, residential
overcrowding, and the loss of affordable federally subsidized housing
stock.
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Source: http://www.bls.gov Content:This
website is a good location for employment, inflation, and economic data - just
link to your preferences via their homepage.
Comprehensive Housing Affordability
Strategy (CHAS) Program Source: http://www.webprod.aspensys.com/housing/chas/state.asp Content:This website provides information regarding data on housing overpayment and
overcrowding.
California Department of Finance Source: http://www.dof.ca.gov;
http://www.dof.ca.gov/html/Demograp/repndat.htm;
and http://www.dof.ca.gov/html/Demograp/drupbus.htm Content:
DOF provides financial and economic data, as well as statistical information on
existing housing, housing characteristics, and housing related issues.
Additionally, DOF provides publications and reports on housing and population
trends (second and third website listed above).
Directory of National Homeless and
Housing Organizations Source:http://www.nationalhomeless.org/natdirect.html Content:
This in an online directory of organizations that work on homeless and housing
issues on a national level. The organization’s name, contact person,
address, phone, fax, and e-mail are provided, with links to their websites as
well.
Directory of Homeless and Housing
Advocacy Coalitions Source:
http://www.nationalhomeless.org/state/california.html Content:
This is an online directory of state and local organizations that work on
homeless and housing issues. The organization’s name, respective city,
contact person, address, phone, fax, and e-mail are provided.
Blueprint for Action – National
Resource Center for Supportive Housing and Home Modification
Source:http://www.homemods.org/library/blue/ Content:
This document details the problems and concerns involved with the growing
number of seniors and the need for home modifications. Topics include: barrier
to home modifications, the unawareness of programs that can help,
funding/resources, leadership and coalitions, and training/education. The
report suggests recommendations for change at the nation, state, and community
levels as well.
Frail Elders and the Suburbs –
National Resource Center for Supportive Housing and Home Modification
Source:http://www.homemods.org/library/blue/append.html Content:
This article discusses the increasing number of elderly persons living in
single-family homes in the suburbs and the special needs that they will
require. Issues of home modifications, transportation, and elderly advocacy are
covered throughout the article.
Housing For Special Needs
Source: http://www.hud.gov/ Content: The U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development website has a link to publications;
housing for special needs is one of those links. Publications on the link
include (only a selection): “Assessment of the Loss of Housing for
Non-Elderly People with Disabilities,” “Evaluation of Supportive
Housing Programs for Persons With Disabilities,” “Housing Our
Elders,” National Evaluation of the Housing Opportunities for Persons with
AIDS Program (HOPWA),” and “Assessment of American Indian Housing
Needs and Programs.”
California Care Network; Facilities
Search Source:http://www.calcarenet.ca.gov Content:
This website is a resource that allows one to search a specific geographical
area for residential care facilities for the elderly, medical care facilities,
mental health care facilities, in-home health/medical care facilities, adult
day service centers, and home and community services. For each facility in the
search area requested the database displays the name, address, contact person,
phone number, facility number, license status, and capacity.
California Department of Development
Services (DDS) Source: http://www.dds.cahwnet.gov Content:DDS provides services to persons with developmental disabilities. Once you
access this site click on “guides, resources, and reports,” that will
link you to the affordable housing homepage, which then describes the programs
and resources available for special needs and low-income housing.
California Notice Provisions for At Risk Properties Source: Janet Falk; California Housing Partnership Corporation
Content: This document includes an overview of the notice
provisions for at risk properties. Notice requirements, changes
from previous law, who is covered, purpose of provisions, and option
to make offer to purchase are all discussed within this document.
Affordable Rental Housing At Risk of Conversion Source: California Department of Housing and Community Development
(HCD) http://www.hcd.ca.gov/hpd/hrc/tech/presrv/atrisk.pdf Content: This document discusses the varying factors that
affect the potential conversion of affordable units to market rate
units as subsidy contracts or regulatory agreements expire such
as, HUD and FmHA-Assisted housing and mortgage-revenue bond assisted
properties. It includes a table (1997) of affordable projects and
units at risk of conversion throughout California.
Preservation of Adorable Multifamily Rental Units Source:
http://www.hcd.ca.gov/hpd/hrc/tech/presrv.htm Content: This website provides information in relation to
the new state preservation notice requirements of California Government
Code Section 65863.10 and 65863.11 effective January 1, 2001. These
government code sections relate to preservation notices and notices
of opportunity to purchase with federally assisted housing projects.
This site links to the specific language of each code section as
amended by California Statutes 2000, Chapter 666 (Senate Bill 1572).
Federally Assisted Multifamily Housing Inventory and Risk
Assessment Source: California Housing Partnership Corporation; Janet
Falk (415) 433-6804 Content: This document is a resource that inventories federally
assisted developments that have Section 8 rental assistance, were
financed under federal mortgage programs with rental restrictions,
or Section 236 or Farmer’s Home Section 515. CHPC also has
analyzed all of the projects in the HUD database and assigned a
level of risk that corresponds to the likelihood that the project
will either terminate their Section 8 contracts or prepay the mortgage
at the twenty year mark or later.
NIMBY Resources Source:http://www.hcd.ca.gov/ Content:
This website provides information in the form of publications as resources and
tools for addressing NIMBY concerns relating to affordable and/or high-density
housing. Links are also set up to additional relevant sites concerning
advocates for affordable housing.
NIMBY Report; Smart Growth and Affordable
Housing Source: National Low Income Housing Coalition
http://www.nlihc.org/nimby/spring2001.pdf Content:
This document is a collection of articles concerning growth management and
affordable housing issues. The backdrops for several of the articles are
individual states and their respective concerns surrounding growth. Other
articles include, “Neighborhood Advocacy for Affordable Housing in Smart
Growth,” “How to Deal With Property Values Concerns,” “Six
Steps to Getting Local Government Approvals,” and “Why Affordable
Housing Does Not Lower Property Values.”
Raising the Roof – Chapter 3: Land
and Site Constraints Source: http://www.hcd.ca.gov Content: This chapter discusses
concerns relating to location, use, reuse, density, and cost of land with a
specific question in mind, “Does California have enough developable land
to accommodate projected growth?” Sub-topics discussed within the chapter
include raw land capacity, infill development capacity, and redevelopment
agency housing activities.
Fair Housing Planning Guide (Volume 1)
Source: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development;
Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity – contact your local HUD
Office or go to http://www.hud.gov/offices/fheo/
for further information Content: This guide was written to provide
State, State-funded, and Entitlement jurisdictions with a way to deal with
applicable HUD regulations pertaining to fair housing. The contents within this
guide provides information on how to prepare and conduct an Analysis of
Impediments to Fair Housing Choice (AI), undertake activities to correct the
identified impediments, and the types of documentary records to be maintained.
The concepts in this document are useful to examine fair housing issues and
policies, as well it is useful for any jurisdiction in acquiring information
about housing equality and discrimination issues.
Fair Housing Advocacy
Source:http://www.bazelon.org Content:
This site provides information regarding the major barriers of housing people
with mental disabilities and the opposing views related to
“NIMBYism.” Included within this site are links to judicial decisions
involving the federal Fair Housing Act, fair housing resources, and the
American with Disabilities Act.
The Non-Profit Housing Association of
Northern California Source: Non-Profit Housing Association
http://www.nonprofithousing.org/ Content:
The Non-Profit Housing Association is an organization working toward providing
services and resources for the advocacy of affordable housing. This website
contains numerous affordable housing links to other organizations helping to
provide housing for low-income persons. Links include: HCD, Center for
Community Change, Eden Housing, Housing Assistance Council, and the National
Low Income Housing Coalition, to name a few.
Fair Housing Assistance Program (FHAP)
Source:http://www.hud.gov/ Content: This
website contains information concerning fair housing policies and laws.
Specifically, FHAP is a way that HUD provides State and local governments with
support in providing equal opportunity for affordable housing. Grants are
awarded and this website describes the application process, eligibility, and
contact information.
California Housing Law Project
Source: http://www.housingadvocates.org Content:
This governmental agency provides advocacy and information services on state
affordable housing legislation.
National Low-Income Housing Coalition
Source: http://www.nlihc.org Content:This site contains updates on federal housing legislation, calls for
action, housing resources, and a comprehensive list of web links to housing
related sites.
Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Database
(Equal Housing Opportunity) Source:
http://rtk.net/rtkdata.html Content: This database provides
searches of mortgage loan data by geographic area, particular bank, bank market
share, application records, and summary reports of national statistics. The
database is ideal for acquiring detailed information on lending patterns and
discriminatory lending patterns in local communities.
California Employment Development
Department Source: http://www.edd.ca.gov Content: EDD
provides applicable information regarding the labor market, employment, and
unemployment rates. Through links on this site one can access specific
information and data by specific geographic region, city, or county.
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Network – Center of Excellence for Sustainable Development
Source: U.S. Department of Energy website;
http://www.doe.gov/ and
http://www.eren.doe.gov/ Content:
This website provides information about key planning principles and resources
for strategies to help communities with sustainable land use planning.
Specifically, this site provides opportunities for energy conservation in the
area of “green development.” Community green building programs, green
building efforts, affordable housing and green building, and green building
success stories are just a few of the links on the site. This site also
provides additional resources and links to other “green” conscious
organizations and programs.
The California Planners Book of Lists
– 2000; p. 47-57 Source: Governor’s Office of Planning and Research website
http://www.opr.ca.gov Content:
This document provides information concerning the activities of different
jurisdictions throughout California. Specifically, the 1999 survey results of
city and county planning activities and the 1999 survey results of city and
county CEQA activities are contained within the document from pages 47 thru 57.
A book of lists is produced each year, and previous years or any other GOPR
documents can be obtained by calling (916) 322-6312. The 2001 Book of Lists is
currently being compiled and the current status of the list can be obtained at
http://www.calpin.ca.gov
Department of Housing and Community
Development (HCD) – Strategic Plan, 2000-2003 Source:http://www.hcd.ca.gov/exec/dir/hcd_stplan.pdf Content:
This document includes goals and objectives designed to further public
awareness of the need for an adequate and diverse supply of affordable public
housing. It also emphasizes the need to establish housing as an ongoing state
priority. Components of the plan include mission and vision statements, shared
values and core principles, a description of HCD, an internal/external
assessment, and the 2000-2003 goals summary.
Examples of Materials and
Outreach Strategies used in Housing Education Campaigns Source:http://www.hcd.ca.gov/hpd/nimby/exam_mat.pdf Content:
This website provides resource information concerning a wide range of materials
and outreach tools groups have used in the Bay Area to inform communities about
affordable housing. The tools include a variety of print and audio-visual
materials and several; government, public, and media outreach strategies.
